Indah Juliana, Suradi, Ana Rima Setijadi Departemen Pulmonologi dan Kedokteran Respirasi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret, RSUD Dr. Moewardi, Surakarta Abstract Background: Inflammation of COPD is persistent and progressive. Chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke causes the neutrophil infiltration into the airways, release cytokines, proinflammatory chemokines and proteases, especially MMP-9. Structural abnormalities lead to hyperinflation and […]